Jamāl al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Mālik al-Ṭāʾī al-Jayyānī (600–672 AH / 1203–1274 CE), widely known as Ibn Mālik, was an Andalusian Arabic grammar, philologist, and linguist. He is best remembered for his didactic poem the Alfiyya of Ibn Malik, which became one of the most studied works in the Arabic grammatical tradition.
Early life
Ibn Mālik was born in Jaén, Spain (al-Andalus) in 600 AH/1203 CE, during a period of political instability as Christian forces advanced in the
Reconquista. He studied grammar, linguistics, and Qurʾānic recitation with scholars in al-Andalus, including Abū ʿAlī al-Shalubīn, Thābit ibn Khiyār, and Aḥmad ibn Nuwār.
Migration to the East
After the siege of Jaén in 627 AH (1230 CE), Ibn Mālik migrated east. He first settled in
Aleppo, where he studied with
Ibn al-Hajib and Ibn Yaʿīsh, and gained recognition as a master of Arabic grammar and Qurʾānic readings. He later taught in
Hama, where he composed his
Alfiyya, before moving to
Cairo and then
Damascus.
In Damascus he was appointed to teach at the al-ʿĀdiliyya Madrasa and later became its head. He also held a teaching circle in the Umayyad Mosque, where he remained active in scholarship until his death in 1274 CE.
Students
Among his most prominent students were his son Badr al-Din Ibn Malik, who wrote a commentary on the
Alfiyya; the jurist Badr al-Dīn Ibn Jamāʿa; the hadith scholar Abū al-Ḥasan al-Yūnīnī; the grammarian
Ibn al-Nahhas; and Abū al-Thanaʾ al-Ḥalabī, a chancery secretary in Egypt and Damascus.
Works
Ibn Mālik was a prolific author whose writings cover grammar, morphology, philology, Qurʾānic recitation, and
hadith studies. His most important works include:
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Alfiyya of Ibn Mālik – a versified grammar of about 1,000 lines in rajaz metre, summarizing rules of Arabic syntax and morphology.
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al-Kāfiya al-shāfiya – a 3,000-verse didactic poem on grammar.
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Tashīl al-fawāʾid wa-takmīl al-maqāṣid – a concise prose grammar widely studied and commented upon.
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Lāmiyyat al-afʿāl – on verb morphology.
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Iʿjāz al-taṣrīf and Tuḥfat al-mawdūd fī al-maqṣūr wa-l-mamdūd.
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Shawāhid al-tawḍīḥ li-mushkilāt al-jāmiʿ al-ṣaḥīḥ – grammatical notes on hadith from Sahih al-Bukhari.
Commentaries on the Alfiyya
The
Alfiyya was the subject of over forty commentaries and glosses, including:
-
Awḍaḥ al-masālik by Ibn Hishām al-Anṣārī (d. 1359).
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Sharḥ Ibn ʿAqīl by Ibn Aqil (d. 1367).
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Sharḥ al-Ashmūnī by Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashmūnī (d. 1522).
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al-Bahja al-marḍiyya by Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī (d. 1505).
Character and scholarship
Contemporaries described Ibn Mālik as dignified, modest, and devoted to study and teaching. He was renowned for his mastery of Arabic poetry used in linguistic evidence, his command of Qurʾānic readings, and his careful method of writing—never recording from memory without checking sources.
[al-Subkī, Ṭabaqāt al-Shāfiʿiyya al-kubrā, ed. ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ al-Ḥulw, Cairo 1992.]
Death
Ibn Mālik died in Damascus on Monday 21 February 1274 (12 Shaʿbān 672 AH). He was buried at al-Rawḍa near the grave of Ibn Qudāma.
See also
Sources
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Al-Maqqari, Nafḥ al-ṭīb, ed. Iḥsān ʿAbbās, Beirut 1968.
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Ibn Shākir al-Kutubī, Fawāt al-wafayāt, ed. Iḥsān ʿAbbās, Beirut 1974.
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al-Subkī, Ṭabaqāt al-Shāfiʿiyya al-kubrā, ed. ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ al-Ḥulw and Maḥmūd al-Ṭanāḥī, Cairo 1992.
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ʿAbd al-ʿĀl Sālim Makram, al-Madrasah al-naḥwiyya fī Miṣr fī al-qarnayn al-sābiʿ wa-l-thāmin, Beirut 1990.
-
Muḥammad Kāmel Barakāt, Introduction to Tashīl al-fawāʾid, Cairo 1967.
